ഭാവി പ്രവചിക്കാനൊരുങ്ങുന്നു ഡബ്യൂ ഫസ്റ്റ്
പ്രപഞ്ചത്തിന്റെ ഭാവി പ്രവചിക്കുക എന്നത് ശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞരെ സംബന്ധിച്ചിടത്തോളം വളരെ സങ്കീർണമായ ഒരു പ്രക്രിയയാണ്. പ്രപഞ്ചത്തിന്റെ ഉൽപ്പത്തി, പ്രായം, പ്രാപഞ്ചിക ഘടകങ്ങൾ ഏതെല്ലാം, അവയുടെ തോതും വിന്യാസവും, പ്രപഞ്ച വികാസവേഗം എന്നിവയെല്ലാം കൃത്യമായി കണക്കുകൂട്ടിയാൽമാത്രമേ പ്രപഞ്ചത്തിന്റെ ഭാവി എങ്ങനെയായിരിക്കുമെന്ന് പ്രവചിക്കാൻ കഴിയൂ. ഇപ്പോഴിതാ പ്രപഞ്ചത്തിന്റെ ഭാവിപ്രവചനം എളുപ്പമാക്കുന്നതിന് നാസ തയ്യാറെടുക്കുന്നു. നാസ വിക്ഷേപിക്കുന്ന ഡബ്യൂ ഫസ്റ്റ് (Wide Field Infrared Survery Telescope- WFIRST) പ്രപഞ്ചവികാസത്തെ ത്വരിതപ്പെടുത്തുന്ന ഡാർക‌് എനർജിയെക്കുറിച്ച് പഠിക്കാനായി സവിശേഷമായി രൂപകൽപ്പന ചെയ്ത ബഹിരാകാശ ദൂരദർശിനിയാണ്. അടുത്ത ദശാബ്ദത്തിലെ നാസയുടെ ഏറ്റവും വലിയ ബഹിരാകാശ ദൗത്യമായിരിക്കും ഡബ്യൂ ഫസ്റ്റ്
നമ്മുടെ ഇപ്പോഴത്തെ അറിവനുസരിച്ച് 1382 കോടി വർഷംമുമ്പാണ‌് പ്രപഞ്ചം രൂപംകൊണ്ടത്. ഈ 1382 കോടിവർഷംകൊണ്ട് പ്രപഞ്ചം 9200 കോടി പ്രകാശവർഷം വ്യാസമുള്ള വളരെ വലിയൊരു ഇടമായി വളർന്നുകഴിഞ്ഞു. ഇപ്പോഴും വികസിച്ചുകൊണ്ടിരിക്കുന്ന പ്രപഞ്ചത്തിന്റെ വികാസവേഗം വർധിച്ചുവരികയാണെന്നാണ് നിരീക്ഷണത്തെളിവുകൾ സൂചിപ്പിക്കുന്നത്. ഡാർക‌് എനർജി എന്ന ഋണമർദമാണ് പ്രപഞ്ചത്തെ വികസിപ്പിച്ചുകൊണ്ടിരിക്കുന്നത് എന്നാണ് കോസ‌്മോളജിസ്റ്റുകൾ പറയുന്നത്. ഇന്നത്തെ അറിവനുസരിച്ച് പ്രപഞ്ചം നിർമിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നത് 0.01 ശതമാനം വികിരണങ്ങൾ, 0.1 ശതമാനം ന്യൂട്രിനോകൾ, 4.9 ശതമാനം നക്ഷത്രസമൂഹങ്ങളും ഗ്രഹങ്ങളും വാതകങ്ങളുമെല്ലാമടങ്ങുന്ന സാധാരണദ്രവ്യം, 27 ശതമാനം ഡാർക‌്മാറ്റർ എന്ന അദൃശ്യദ്രവ്യം, 68 ശതമാനം ഡാർക‌് എനർജി എന്നിവകൊണ്ടാണ്. അതായത് പ്രപഞ്ചത്തിലുള്ള എല്ലാ ദ്രവ്യരൂപങ്ങളും വികിരണങ്ങളും ചേർന്നാലും ഡാർക‌് എനർജിയുടെ അടുത്തെങ്ങുമെത്തില്ല. അതുകൊണ്ട് പ്രപഞ്ചത്തിന്റെ ഭാവി എങ്ങനെയായിരിക്കുമെന്ന് നിർണയിക്കുക ഡാർക‌് എനർജിമാത്രമായിരിക്കും. ഡാർക‌് എനർജിയുടെ ഉത്ഭവം, ഇപ്പോഴത്തെ പ്രകൃതം എന്നിവയെക്കുറിച്ച് ശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞർക്ക് സാമാന്യധാരണയുണ്ട്. എന്നാൽ, ഭാവിയിൽ അതിന്റെ സ്വഭാവത്തിൽ എന്തുമാറ്റം ഉണ്ടാകുമെന്ന് നിർണയിക്കാൻ കഴിഞ്ഞാൽ പ്രപഞ്ചത്തിന്റെ ഭാവി എന്തായിരിക്കുമെന്ന് പ്രവചിക്കാൻ കഴിയും. ഇവിടെയാണ് ഡബ്യൂഫസ്റ്റ് സ്പേസ് ക്രാഫ‌്റ്റിന്റെ പ്രസക്തി. ഡാർക‌് എനർജിയുടെ പ്രഭാവവും അതിന്റെ സ്വഭാവത്തിലുണ്ടാകുന്ന മാറ്റങ്ങളും നിർണയിക്കാൻ ഡബ്യൂഫസ്റ്റിന് കഴിയുമെന്നാണ് കരുതുന്നത്.
ശാസ്ത്രീയ ലക്ഷ്യങ്ങൾ
ഡബ്യൂഫസ്റ്റ് ദൗത്യത്തിന്റെ ശാസ്ത്രീയ ലക്ഷ്യങ്ങൾ എന്തെല്ലാമാണെന്ന് പരിശോധിക്കാം.
ഡാർക‌് എനർജിയുടെ പ്രഭാവത്തെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള പഠനത്തിനുപുറമെ വിദൂരങ്ങളിലുള്ള പ്രപഞ്ചപ്രതിഭാസങ്ങളെക്കുറിച്ചും സൂപ്പർ നോവകളെക്കുറിച്ചുമുള്ള പഠനം, ദുർബലമായ ഗ്രാവിറ്റേഷണൽ ലെൻസിങ‌്, അക്വോസ്റ്റിക് ഓസിലേഷൻ, പൊതു ആപേക്ഷികതാ സിദ്ധാന്തത്തിന്റെ പരീക്ഷണം എന്നിവ ഡബ്യൂഫസ്റ്റിന്റെ പ്രധാന ലക്ഷ്യങ്ങളാണ്. ഗ്യാലക്സികളുടെ ഭാവിയും ഗ്യാലക്സീസംഘട്ടനങ്ങളും നിരീക്ഷിക്കുക. സൗരയൂഥത്തിന‌് വെളിയിൽ വിദൂരനക്ഷത്രങ്ങൾക്കു ചുറ്റുമുള്ള ഗ്രഹങ്ങളെ നിരീക്ഷിക്കുക, അവയിൽ ഭൗമസമാനവും വാസയോഗ്യവുമായ ഗ്രഹങ്ങളുണ്ടെങ്കിൽ അവയെ കണ്ടുപിടിക്കുക എന്നിവയാണ് ഡബ്യൂഫസ്റ്റ് ദൗത്യത്തിന്റെ ലക്ഷ്യങ്ങൾ.
രണ്ട് പ്രധാന ശാസ്ത്രീയ ഉപകരണങ്ങളാണ് ഡബ്യൂഫസ്റ്റിലുള്ളത്. ആദ്യത്തേത് ഒരു വൈഡ് ഫീൽഡ് ഉപകരണമാണ്. ഇതൊരു 288 മെഗാപിക‌്സൽ നിയർ ഇൻഫ്രാറെഡ് ക്യാമറയാണ്. ഹബിൾ ബഹിരാകാശ ദൂരദർശിനി നിർമിക്കുന്നതിലും വ്യക്തമായ പ്രപഞ്ചചിത്രങ്ങൾ നിർമിക്കാൻ ഈ ഉപകരണത്തിന് കഴിയും. ഹബിളിന്റെ ദൃശ്യപരിധിയുടെ നൂറുമടങ്ങാണ് ഡബ്യൂഫസ്റ്റിന്റെ നിരീക്ഷണമേഖല. ഒരു കൊറോണഗ്രാഫിക് ഉപകരണമാണ് മറ്റൊന്ന്. ദൃശ്യപ്രകാശത്തിലും ഇൻഫ്രാറെഡ് വേവ്ബാൻഡിലും പ്രവർത്തനക്ഷമമായ ഒരു
സ‌്പെക‌്ട്രോമീറ്ററാണിത‌്.
ഡബ്യൂഫസ്റ്റ് പദ്ധതി 2010ലാണ‌് ആരംഭിച്ചത്. സാമ്പത്തികബാധ്യത എന്ന കാരണം പറഞ്ഞുകൊണ്ട് യുഎസ് കോൺഗ്രസ് 2018 ഫെബ്രുവരി 12ന് ഡബ്യൂഫസ്റ്റ് ദൗത്യം മരവിപ്പിക്കുകയുണ്ടായി. എന്നാൽ, ജ്യോതിശാസ്ത്രജ്ഞരുടെ നിരന്തര സമ്മർദത്തെത്തുടർന്ന് 2018 ജൂലൈയിൽ പദ്ധതിക്ക് വീണ്ടും ജീവൻവച്ചു. 2020ൽ ഡബ്യൂഫസ്റ്റ് സ്പേസ് ക്രാഫ്റ്റ് വിക്ഷേപിക്കും. നാസയ്ക്കുപുറമെ ജപ്പാൻ സ്പേസ് ഏജൻസി, ഇസ, ജർമനിയിലെ മാക്സ് പ്ലാങ്ക് ഇൻസ്റ്റിറ്റ്യൂട്ട് എന്നീ സ്ഥാപനങ്ങൾ ഈ ദൗത്യത്തിൽ പങ്കാളികളാണ്. ഓസ്ട്രേലിയയിലാണ് ദൗത്യത്തിന്റെ ഗ്രൗണ്ട് സ്റ്റേഷൻ പ്രവർത്തിക്കുന്നത്.
നാസയുടെ കീഴിലുള്ള ജെറ്റ‌് പ്രൊപൽഷൻ ലബോറട്ടറിയാണ് പേടകം നിർമിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നത്. 4166 കിലോഗ്രാമാണ് ഡബ്യൂഫസ്റ്റിന്റെ ആകെ പിണ്ഡം. ഡെൽറ്റ്þ4 ഹെവിറോക്കറ്റ് ഉപയോഗിച്ചാണ് വിക്ഷേപണം നടത്തുക. ഭൂമിയിൽനിന്ന‌് ശരാശരി അഞ്ചുലക്ഷം കിലോമീറ്റർ അകലെയുള്ള രണ്ടാം ലെഗ്രാൻഷ്യൻ പോയിന്റിലാണ് ഈ ബഹിരാകാശ ദൂരദർശിനിയുടെ ഭ്രമണപഥം നിശ്ചയിച്ചിരിക്കുന്നത്. 36,000 കിലോമീറ്റർ ഉയരത്തിലുള്ള ജിയോസിക്രോണസ് ഭ്രമണപഥമായിരുന്നു ആദ്യം തീരുമാനിച്ചിരുന്നത്. വിക്ഷേപണത്തിനും നിയന്ത്രണത്തിനും ഈ ഭ്രമണപഥമാണ് അനുയോജ്യം. എന്നാൽ, സൂക്ഷ്മമായ പ്രപഞ്ചനിരീക്ഷണത്തിന് അസ്വസ്ഥതകളൊന്നുമില്ലാത്ത ലെഗ്രാൻഷ്യൻ പോയിന്റുകളാണ് കൂടുതൽ അനുയോജ്യം. അതുകൊണ്ട് ഈ ഭ്രമണപഥം തെരഞ്ഞെടുക്കുകയായിരുന്നു. ഇനി ഡബ്യൂഫസ്റ്റിന്റെ നാളുകളാണ്. ഒരുപക്ഷേ, പ്രപഞ്ചത്തെക്കുറിച്ചുള്ള നമ്മുടെ ധാരണകൾ നവീകരിക്കാൻ ഡബ്യൂഫസ്റ്റിന്റെ കണ്ണുകൾക്ക് കഴിയും.
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